Sunday February 3, 2008
When ends and means get muddled
Question: What do torturers, baseball players, and a disgraced pathologist have in common?
Answer: A philosophy.
They wouldn\’t call it a philosophy, of course. In fact, I doubt very much if the military staff at Abu Ghraib prison, Charles Smith, and Barry Bonds think they have any connection with each other.
But they do. It\’s the conviction that the ends justify the means.
Over the last two months, the work of Dr. Charles Smith has been dissected more thoroughly than any of his cadavers, by Ontario\’s Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology. The inquiry believes that Smith erred in 20 child death investigations between 1992 and 2002.
As a result of those errors, parents and caregivers were convicted, charged, or implicated in the deaths of children. Some spent time in prison. Some had their own children removed from their custody.
This week, Smith told the inquiry, “When I went to court… I honestly believed it was my role to support the crown attorney. I was there to make a case look good.”
He explained that it took him years to recognize that a pathologist\’s job was not to support the prosecution but to be “much more impartial.”
Getting a conviction mattered; getting the evidence right didn\’t. The end justified the means.
Winning at any cost
So too with Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, and more than 90 other baseball stars named by former U.S. senator George Mitchell\’s inquiry into drug use. Getting the wins – the home runs, the records, the salaries – mattered. The legality, the ethics, the deception, didn\’t.
Admittedly, the charges may not all stick. Roger Clemens, described by the Philadelphia Daily News as “the best pitcher of the last 25 years,” has strongly denied the allegations. Clemens personal trainer, Brian McNamee, claims he injected Clemens at least 16 times with steroids and human growth hormone while both belonged to the Toronto Blue Jays.
Clemens has sued McNamee for defamation of character.
If Clemens is cleared, he\’ll be part of a very small minority. The on-line encyclopedia Wikipedia lists more than 600 athletes who admitted using drugs to enhance their performance, or who tested positive for banned substances.
By contrast, the list of those cleared of such charges holds only 25 names. And it includes Marion Jones, who later turned in five Olympic medals after admitting drug use.
Canadian Ben Johnson won the 100-metre sprint at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 – a blistering 9.79 seconds.
I remember the sheer thrill of watching that race, played and replayed from every angle as Johnson stormed down the track, crossing the finish line with one arm held high in victory.
Three days later, I was devastated to hear that Johnson had failed his drug tests and had been stripped of his world record.
As a commentator (I no longer who, but I still recall his insight) asked, “How could we have missed it? Those rippling muscles – they just don\’t happen to sprinters!”
Johnson claimed, in his defence, that at least 40 per cent of athletes also used drugs. During the Dubin inquiry, his claim was supported by coaches and trainers testifying under oath.
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For a lighter look at ethics, faith, and life, I recommend Ralph Milton\’s weekly e-newsletter Rumors. You can subscribe to it at the Wood Lake Books home page in Ralph Milton\’s Site, or by sending a note directly to [email protected].
It\’s also worth pursuing Charlene Fairchild\’s United Online site. Another site worth visiting is David Keating\’s \”SeemslikeGod\” page.
Since Johnson\’s debacle, sprinters Linford Christie, Tim Montgomery, and Justin Gatlin have all claimed the title of “fastest man in the world” – and have come crashing down. The late hurdler Florence Griffith Joyner was accused by Marion Jones. The entire Austrian Nordic team came under investigation at the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics. Floyd Landis was stripped of his Tour de France cycling title in 2006.
Indeed, so many cyclists were implicated that the Tour\’s organizers instituted what is probably the most rigorous testing program in any sport. Racers will have to provide enough samples to build long-term blood profiles that will reveal any irregularities.
Ends and means. Standing on the winner\’s podium matters; how you get there doesn\’t.
Don\’t get me wrong – I don\’t oppose trying to win. But when winning becomes so important that it blinds an athlete to the means he or she uses for winning, a laudable goal turns demonic.
I see community organizations falling into the same trap. They set goals first, consider means second. “When we know where we want to be in five years,” explained one community leader, “then we can develop tactics to get there.”
I think that puts the cart before the horse. First we need to be clear about what we\’re willing to do and to be; then we can see what\’s possible for us.
When anything goes
Is achieving a measurable goal worthwhile, if we can no longer hold our heads high?
For example, the U.S. started interrogating prisoners with a laudable goal – obtaining information that might prevent a terrorist attack and save lives.
The end was used to justify extreme techniques of interrogation. Such as “waterboarding” – making a victim feel he\’s drowning. Also sensory deprivation, forced nudity, isolation, sleep deprivation, flashing lights…
“It is undisputed,” states Almerindo Ojeda, director of the University of California\’s Center for the Study of Human Rights in the Americas, “that all this has been done at Guantanamo.”
And we\’ve all seen photos of deliberate humiliation inflicted at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
The United Nations defines torture as the intentional infliction of “severe pain or suffering, whether physical of mental.”
In 2002, however, a White House memo redefined torture. Torture only applied if there was “serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of body function, or death.”
Otherwise, anything goes.
A few years ago, I would probably have endorsed the principle that the end justifies the means. Certainly German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer did, when he joined a plot to assassinate Hitler.
I\’m not so sure any more.
Increasingly, I think that the means may be more important than the ends. Maybe, in the end, how you get there may matter more than where you get.
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Copyright © 2007 by Jim Taylor. Non-profit use in congregations and study groups permitted; all other rights reserved.
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